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The average national constitution lasts under twenty years, yet a handful have run for centuries. Enduring constitutions share traits: they are specif...

Amendment design is constitution writing hardest problem. Too easy, and the text becomes ordinary politics, as in some states with hundreds of amendme...

The newest constitutions cluster around political rupture. Syrias opposition era drafting, South Sudans 2011 transitional text, Fijis 2013 charter, Tu...

Three democracies operate without a single entrenched constitutional document. Britains constitution sprawls across statutes like Magna Carta, the Bil...

Rights catalogues define constitutional identity. The US Bill of Rights of 1791 protects mostly civil liberties against federal power. Postwar constit...

In a constitutional monarchy the crown reigns but does not rule. The model emerged in Britain after 1688, spread to Belgium in 1831, Scandinavia, Japa...