Constitution of Mongolia (1992)

The democratic charter of the worlds second communist state turned multiparty.

Overview

Effective February 12, 1992 after the peaceful 1990 revolution, the Mongolian Constitution created a semi presidential republic with a directly elected president limited to two terms, a unicameral Great Khural, and constitutional court review. It guarantees rights including freedom of movement and religion and defines a mixed economy with state ownership of land below the surface. It was the second constitution, after Polands early experiments, to institutionalize a postsoviet transition through negotiated revision rather than replacement. Amendments in 2000, focused on structure, and 2019, recalibrating the presidency and government, keep it the working foundation of Mongolian democracy.