Constitution of Vietnam (1992)

The doi moi era charter of a one party socialist state opening its economy.

Overview

Adopted April 15, 1992 and amended in 2001 and 2013, the Vietnamese Constitution anchors the socialist republic under the absolute leadership of the Communist Party, explicitly in Article 4. The 1992 text marked the doi moi turn, recognizing the multi sector economy with the state sector leading, private ownership, and foreign investment. The 2013 amendment modernized rights language, adding human rights phrasing, and strengthened the national assembly and courts marginally. As in China, party supremacy trumps textual rights in practice. It is the legal frame within which Vietnams economic transformation and one party politics coexist.